Connecting the composites industry

All Topics See All

Additive Manufacturing

Adhesives

Advanced Air Mobility

Aerospace

Application

ATL/AFP

Autoclave

Automation

Automotive

Biomaterials

BMI

Bonding

Braiding

CAMX

Carbon Fibers

Ceramic Matrix Composites

Coatings

Composites 4.0

Composites Basics

Compression Molding

Construction

Consumer

Core

Curing

Custom Content

Cutting/Kitting

CW Top Shops

CW Trending

Cyanate Ester

Defense

Design & Tooling

Design and Testing

Design/Simulation

Digital Demos

Digitization

Economics

Editorial

Electric Vehicles

Electronics

Epoxies

Fabrics/Preforms

Fastening

Feature

Filament Winding

Finishing & Fastening

Focus on Design

FRP Rebar

Glass Fibers

Hi-Temp Resins

Hydrogen Storage

IACMI

Infrastructure

Infusion

Injection/Overmolding

Inside Manufacturing

JEC

Job Postings

Ketones

Lifecycle Analysis

Machining/Drilling

Marine

Market Outlook

Markets

Mass Transit

Materials

Materials Testing

Medical

Molds/Tools

Nanomaterials

National Composites Week

Natural Fibers

NDI

Out of Autoclave

Past, Present and Future

Plant Tours

Post Cure

Predicting Failure

Prepregs

Pressure Vessels

Processes

Pultrusion

Recycling

Reinforcements

Repair

Resins

RTM

Sensors

Sheet Molding Compound

SHM

Space

Sustainability

Thermoplastics

Trends

Troubleshooter

Weaving

Welding

Wind/Energy

Work In Progress

Workforce Development
Markets See All

22 Jan 2025 Advanced Air Mobility
Horizon Aircraft secures $8.4 million strategic investment
The hybrid eVTOL developer announces the deepening of investor dedication in support of Horizon’s aircraft operations and development.

16 Jan 2025 Pressure Vessels
Development of a composite liquid hydrogen tank for commercial aircraft
Netherlands consortium advances cryogenic composites testing, tank designs and manufacturing including AFP, hybrid winding, welding of tank components and integrated SHM and H2 sensors for demonstrators in 2025.

10 Jan 2025 Advanced Air Mobility
Volocopter files for insolvency while seeking investors
Business will continue as usual during provisional insolvency proceedings while Volocopter internally restructures.

9 Jan 2025 Pressure Vessels
Composite pressure vessels enable future energy storage
Q&A between Hexagon Purus, Infinite Composites and Hyosung USA delves into the future of H2 storage, including scalability and production goals, materials and application trends and other dynamics.

8 Jan 2025 Advanced Air Mobility
Joby conducts FAA testing, moves into final certification
Successful static loading testing of tail structure and Type Inspection Authorization by FAA pilots moves Joby closer to its 2025 targets.

8 Jan 2025 Pressure Vessels
Noble Gas receives Approval in Principle for gas storage system
Independent assessment by DNV confirms the general feasibility of the company’s composite comformable hydrogen storage vessels, applicable for transportation, defense, marine and aviation environments.
Design & Tooling See All

21 Jan 2025 JEC
Production technology variety supports CFRP, GFRP and paper honeycomb component designs
JEC World 2025: BBG GmbH & Co. KG’s global reach and decades of experience provide a single source for molds, mold and press systems, as well as end-to-end production lines.

15 Jan 2025 Design/Simulation
Crashworthiness testing of composites: A building block approach, Part 2
Following the previously discussed coupon-level testing element, subcomponent and component testing are the next steps in designing crashworthy composite structures.

13 Jan 2025 Design/Simulation
Carbon fiber/flax landing gear achieves 54% weight reduction via tailored layup optimization
Fuko’s Biogear showcases how strategic composite material distribution and natural fiber damping properties can lightweight and enhance critical aerospace structure performance.

10 Jan 2025 Application
Modular, curved racing track design enabled by composites and adaptive molds
X-Track worked with bespline to develop an easy-to-install, reusable, customizable composite sandwich panel alternative to dirt BMX and motorcross tracks.

7 Jan 2025 Design/Simulation
Collier Aerospace HyperX optimizes X-59 composite nose cone
Swift Engineering relied on the CAE software’s structural sizing, analysis and test validation capabilities to deliver flight hardware for NASA’s supersonic QueSST aircraft early, under budget and with 25% weight savings.

6 Jan 2025 Aerospace
Schrödinger advances materials informatics for faster development of next-gen composites
Cutting time to market by multiple orders of magnitude, machine learning and physics-based approaches are combined to open new possibilities for innovations in biomaterials, fire-resistant composites, space applications, hydrogen tanks and more.
Materials See All

22 Jan 2025 Consumer
Shapers Australia presents Kinetix epoxy systems
The ATL Composites distributor cites the high-performance resin range’s ability to bridge the gap between other polyester and modern epoxy systems, making it well suited to composite surfboard production.

22 Jan 2025 Carbon Fibers
The potential of rCF in fiber-reinforced concrete
A look at how emerging technologies for FRP concrete provide alternatives to traditionally used steel and glass fibers that are more cost-effective and address the sustainability challenge.

21 Jan 2025 Natural Fibers
Sicomin joins MADskis to maximize winter sports skis performance
GreenPoxy 56’s bio-content and mechanical performance add to the MADskis team’s development of hand-crafted, eco-conscious, low-impact natural fiber skis.

21 Jan 2025 Recycling
Research in Japan demonstrates novel electrical pulse method for carbon fiber recycling
Studies show that the direct discharge electrical pulse technique is highly effective in CFRP recovery and is more energy efficient than other recycling methods.

21 Jan 2025 Aerospace
VIDEO: Collins Aerospace optimizes thermoplastics for aircraft parts
Collins Aerospace explains how thermoplastics are integral to the company’s efforts to improve propulsion and reduce costs in aircraft manufacturing. Featured is a nacelle system that will help meet production demand of 80 aircraft per month.

17 Jan 2025 Focus on Design
Pultruded CFRP chassis enables 36% payload increase for specialized commercial vehicles
CarbonTT’s quadraxial NCF composite chassis adds 185-kilogram capacity to Borco Höhns’ 3.5-ton Fiat Ducato market vehicle.
Processes See All

21 Jan 2025 RTM
Production technology variety supports CFRP, GFRP and paper honeycomb component designs
JEC World 2025: BBG GmbH & Co. KG’s global reach and decades of experience provide a single source for molds, mold and press systems, as well as end-to-end production lines.

20 Jan 2025 Aerospace
Xenia collaborates with Politecnico di Milano team on competitive composite drone production
Xenia’s supply of reinforced 3D printing materials to the university’s student aerospace association, Fly Mi - Euroavia Milano, contributed to the team’s ability to meet the project’s demanding performance standards.

17 Jan 2025 Focus on Design
Pultruded CFRP chassis enables 36% payload increase for specialized commercial vehicles
CarbonTT’s quadraxial NCF composite chassis adds 185-kilogram capacity to Borco Höhns’ 3.5-ton Fiat Ducato market vehicle.

16 Jan 2025 JEC
Fire protection, 3D printing product line advances composite material options
JEC World 2025: Lehvoss Group presents various material offerings that cater to fire-retardant needs in transportation, to FGF printing.

15 Jan 2025 Thermoplastics
MiniLab consortium produces first full-scale thermoplastic composite hydrofoils
Project advances toward first recyclable foils for ocean racing, part of “Infinite Foil” finalist for JEC Innovation Award 2025.

15 Jan 2025 Space
In-space 3D printing research paves way for future in-orbit fabricators
University of Glasgow researchers have demonstrated a patented process that can effectively 3D print in low-Earth gravity with feedstock and fiber reinforcement, freeing up the ability to build structures on-demand in space.
Composites 101 See All

14 Nov 2024 Composites Basics
CW Tech Days — Upcoming and past events
CW Tech Days are virtual events dedicated to the topics impacting the composites industry today. Access past event recordings and register for upcoming Tech Days.

17 Jul 2024 Composites Basics
Five things you get with your CW subscription
Reliable news and information on where and how fiber-reinforced composites are being applied — that’s just the start of what you get from our team here at CompositesWorld.

20 Feb 2024 Electronics
Composites end markets: Electronics (2024)
Increasingly, prototype and production-ready smart devices featuring thermoplastic composite cases and other components provide lightweight, optimized sustainable alternatives to metal.

25 Aug 2023 Composites Basics
Celebrating 30 years of CompositesWorld, Part 1
CW explores key composite developments that have shaped how we see and think about the industry today.

21 Jul 2023 Troubleshooter
The basics of composite drawing interpretation
Knowing the fundamentals for reading drawings — including master ply tables, ply definition diagrams and more — lays a foundation for proper composite design evaluation.

27 Jan 2023 Troubleshooter
Proper application of semi-permanent mold release systems
Performing regular maintenance of the layup tool for successful sealing and release is required to reduce the risk of part adherence.
- Webinars
- Events
- Suppliers
- Whitepapers
Webinars See All

4 Mar 2025
Assessing Surface Adhesion: Maintaining Quality in Composites Prep for Strong Bonds
Bond failures can have severe consequences for manufacturers, including increased scrap rates, damage to brand reputation, costly warranty claims and even safety hazards. These failures often stem from inadequate surface preparation, highlighting the critical importance of surface energy, the substrate's ability to interact effectively with adhesives, coatings or sealants at the molecular level. Brighton Science, with over two decades of experience in investigating bond failures, has found that over 90% of these issues originate from insufficient surface preparation. This webinar will provide a concise overview of surface energy and its crucial role in achieving successful adhesion. By attending this webinar, you will gain valuable insights into the fundamental principles of surface energy and its impact on adhesion. You will learn how to implement WCA measurements as a robust quality control metric and leverage Brighton Process Monitor to streamline surface energy analysis and enhance overall production efficiency. Agenda: Discover how to identify and address critical control points within your manufacturing process that significantly impact bond quality Learn how other companies have successfully utilized water contact angle (WCA) measurements to generate rapid, safe and reliable data for integrating surface energy as a crucial quality key performance indicator (KPI) Explore Brighton Process Monitor, a powerful application within the BConnect networked surface monitoring system

On Demand
AI-Powered Scheduling for Composites: How a Leading Composites Manufacturer, Multi-Ply, Automatically Generates Optimal Production Plans
Through this case-study style webinar, you’ll discover how Multi-Ply, a leading composite parts manufacturer, recently optimized its composite production planning with Plataine’s AI-powered solution. This webinar will detail how Plataine’s AI scheduling solution, designed specifically for composite manufacturing, minimizes delays, optimizes resource allocation and drives higher throughput. You’ll hear directly from Multi-Ply’s team about their journey to digitize planning and create accurate, large-scale production plans in minutes. Learn how automated scheduling allowed them to overcome the unique challenges of composite manufacturing, improving production accuracy, managing bottlenecks and optimizing factory resources. Gain actionable insights to automate your composite production planning, increase plan accuracy, respond quickly to production issues and leverage simulations supporting strategic decisions and growth in composites.

On Demand
Troubleshooting Prepreg Cure Failure Modes with Rheological Measurements
Understanding the complexities of curing prepregs is crucial in composite material research. This study offers an in-depth exploration of prepreg cure failure modes drawing upon the capabilities of an encapsulated specimen rheometer that meets ASTM D7750. Central to the investigation are five determinants (out time, temperature, ramp rate, pressure and layup orientation) and their effects on a select grade of prepreg. By examining these parameters, the study highlights the optimal conditions and presents insights into cure states and viscosity levels, aiming to further the reliability and performance of composite materials.

On Demand
Composite Technology for Advanced Air Mobility Blades
Composite materials are being successfully adopted for certification and low initial rate production (LRIP) in eVTOL aircraft variants today. As demand for eVTOL grows, vehicle build rates will increase and the challenge of high-rate composite production will become a reality. Syensqo is developing composite material solutions to meet the most demanding requirements for eVTOL's vehicles of today and tomorrow. This presentation will focus on the key drivers and Syensqo's approach to unlocking the full potential of composite materials for eVTOL blades. Agenda: A review of the advanced air mobility market status The future challenges facing composite materials adoption Key drivers for advanced air mobility rotor blades Syensqo's advanced materials solutions for blades

On Demand
Navigating the Shift: Composite Solutions for Modern Aircraft Interiors
As the aircraft interiors industry increasingly moves towards circular and sustainable solutions, it's crucial for the supply chain to adopt these innovations to stay competitive. Advanced thermoplastic composites present significant advantages, including faster production, improved recyclability and reduced weight. Join Toray for this insightful webinar where they will dive into the latest developments in thermoplastic composites and their applications in aircraft interiors. Toray will explore how these materials enable the efficient manufacture of parts while improving overall sustainability and meeting the stringent FST standards of the aviation sector. Whether you're a design engineer, materials specialist or industry professional, this session will provide valuable insights into how thermoplastic composites can drive innovation and competitiveness in aircraft interiors.

On Demand
Reinventing Quality and Efficiency in Aerospace Composites: Leveraging Dielectric Analysis for Process Control
How does a cutting-edge measurement technology evolve into a solution that drives real-time insights and transforms quality control and efficiency in composites manufacturing for aerospace applications? In this exclusive interview-style webinar, sensXPERT managing director Dr. Alexander Chaloupka will sit down with Jorge Blanco Fernandez, R&T engineer at Ensia (the Spanish entity of Testia, an Airbus Company), to uncover the story of how dielectric analysis (DEA), once a lab-based measurement tool, was transformed into a comprehensive solution for process control in the production of composite aerospace parts. Discover how Testia is constantly seeking new technologies to improve manufacturing processes and chooses dielectric measurement for its potential — only to encounter the challenges of complex data analysis. Learn how sensXPERT took this challenge head-on, turning dielectric technology into a scalable solution with automated data analysis, real-time process adjustments and in-mold material behavior insights that directly connect to quality standards. Agenda: Discovering dielectric measurement technology Complying with industry regulations The transformation to a full solution The sensXPERT process control solution Benefits and impact on aviation manufacturing

11 Feb 2025 New & Upcoming
Outlook: Carbon Fiber Global Supply and Demand Register Now
Events See All

26 Jan 2025
ASTM International January 2025 Committee Week
Over 12,000 ASTM standards operate globally. Defined and set by ASTM, these standards improve the lives of millions every day. Twelve ASTM committess will meet in Houston, Texas, in January 2025.

26 Jan 2025
Composites, Materials & Structures (CMS) Conference
The annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures (also known as the Cocoa Beach Conference) is the preeminent export controlled and ITAR restricted forum in the United States to review and discuss advances in materials for extreme environments. The Conference started in the 1970s as a small informal gathering for government and industry to share information on programs and state-of-the-art technology. Attendance has grown to nearly 500 people while preserving this same objective to share needs and trends in high-temperature and extreme environment materials, and the latest information on advanced materials and manufacturing processes. The five-day conference program includes two to three parallel sessions per day on topics including thermal protection materials, ceramic matrix composites, carbon-carbon materials, ballistic technologies, hypersonics, and gas turbine engines. Attendees are engineers, scientists, managers, and operational personnel from the turbine engine, aviation, missiles and space, and protective equipment communities. These communities include the Navy, Air Force, Army, MDA, NASA, DARPA, FAA, DOE, engine manufacturers, missile and aircraft manufacturers, commercial space companies, and material and component suppliers. Participation is limited to U.S. Citizens and U.S. Permanent Residents only with an active DD2345 certification.

3 Feb 2025
Transformative Vertical Flight 2025
Plan to be a part of the 2025 Transformative Vertical Flight (TVF) meeting! TVF2025 comprises three events: the 11th Biennial Autonomous VTOL Technical Meeting, the 12th Annual Electric VTOL Symposium and the Short Course on Electric VTOL. TVF 2025 is supported by the VFS Arizona Chapter and will take place Feb. 3–6, 2025, at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

24 Feb 2025
International Conference on Composites Materials 2025 (Tokyo)
The International Conference on Composites Materials (ICCM) is the premier international conference in the field of composite materials and was first held in 1975 in the cities of Geneva and Boston. Since that time the conference has been held biennially in North American, European, Asian, Oceanic and African cities. The event will attract the leading researchers and practitioners, to report and exchange ideas on the latest developments in the advancement and exploitation of a wide range of composites materials and structures.

3 Mar 2025
International Conference on Polymers and Composites (ICPC)
The International Conference on Polymers and Composites (ICPC) aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of polymers and composites. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of polymers and composites.

4 Mar 2025
JEC World 2025
JEC World gathers the whole value chain of the composite materials industry in Paris (France) every year and is “the place to be” for composites professionals from all over the world. The event brings together not only all major global companies, but also innovative startups in the field of composites and advanced materials, experts, academics, scientists, and R&D leaders. JEC World is also the “festival of composites”, offering a unique showcase of what composites can offer to various application sectors, from aerospace to marine, from construction to automotive, and an unlimited source of inspiration for participants from these industries.

21 Jan 2025 New & Upcoming
International Conference & Exhibition on Reinforced Plastics (ICERP) Register Now
Suppliers See All

Auxiliary processing equipment, repair equipment, and supplies

Composite Structures & Components

Design, testing, consulting, other services

Fabricating Services

Fiber converting/prepreg manufacturing equipment

Materials

Primary manufacturing equipment

Testing, gauging, monitoring, analytical equipment and software

Tool Types

Tools/tooling materials

Get Listed!
Thousands of people visit our Supplier Guide every day to source equipment and materials. Get in front of them with a free company profile.
Request Your Free Listing
Whitepapers See All

10 Jan 2024
Jetcam addresses the economic importance of efficient material nesting
Jetcam’s latest white paper explores the critical aspects of nesting in composites manufacturing, and strategies to balance material efficiency and kitting speed.

8 Jan 2024
Arris Composites demonstrates advantages of natural fibers applied with Additive Molding
Arris presents mechanical testing results of an Arris-designed natural fiber thermoplastic composite in comparison to similarly produced glass and carbon fiber-based materials.

27 Dec 2023
Cevotec white paper presents novel approach for H2 tank production
Cevotec, a tank manufacturer, Roth Composite Machinery and Cikoni, have undertaken a comprehensive project to explore and demonstrate the impact of dome reinforcements using FPP technology for composite tanks.

23 Nov 2023
KCARBON and KIST develop lyocell/PLA/wood biocomposites
Initial demonstration in furniture shows properties two to nine times higher than plywood, OOA molding for uniquely shaped components.

1 Nov 2023
Exel Composites releases guide for design considerations in composite tubes
The composite tubes white paper explores some of the considerations for specifying composite tubes, such as mechanical properties, maintenance requirements and more.

21 Jul 2023
UAMMI white paper addresses composites recycling in Utah
Foundational research discusses the current carbon fiber recycling landscape in Utah, and evaluates potential strategies and policies that could enhance this sustainable practice in the region.
Articles See All

21 Jan 2025 Thermoplastics
VIDEO: Collins Aerospace optimizes thermoplastics for aircraft parts
Collins Aerospace explains how thermoplastics are integral to the company’s efforts to improve propulsion and reduce costs in aircraft manufacturing. Featured is a nacelle system that will help meet production demand of 80 aircraft per month.

20 Jan 2025 Pressure Vessels
Functionalizing surfaces for sustainability
Riblets reduce drag, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and noise while boosting power output, flow rates, speed and efficiency.

17 Jan 2025 Pultrusion
Pultruded CFRP chassis enables 36% payload increase for specialized commercial vehicles
CarbonTT’s quadraxial NCF composite chassis adds 185-kilogram capacity to Borco Höhns’ 3.5-ton Fiat Ducato market vehicle.

16 Jan 2025 Thermoplastics
Development of a composite liquid hydrogen tank for commercial aircraft
Netherlands consortium advances cryogenic composites testing, tank designs and manufacturing including AFP, hybrid winding, welding of tank components and integrated SHM and H2 sensors for demonstrators in 2025.

15 Jan 2025 Design and Testing
Crashworthiness testing of composites: A building block approach, Part 2
Following the previously discussed coupon-level testing element, subcomponent and component testing are the next steps in designing crashworthy composite structures.

14 Jan 2025 Economics
Composites Index climbs closer to expansion
Rising readings across the GBI build a case for sustained composites growth headed into 2025.

22 Jan 2025 Carbon Fibers
The potential of rCF in fiber-reinforced concrete
Sustainability See All

21 Jan 2025 Sustainability
Sicomin joins MADskis to maximize winter sports skis performance
GreenPoxy 56’s bio-content and mechanical performance add to the MADskis team’s development of hand-crafted, eco-conscious, low-impact natural fiber skis.

20 Jan 2025 Finishing & Fastening
Functionalizing surfaces for sustainability
Riblets reduce drag, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and noise while boosting power output, flow rates, speed and efficiency.

13 Jan 2025 Resins
Ecoinvent launches new LCA data for unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester resins
Composites fabricators and components users can now reliably calculate the eco-footprint of their products using these resins.

1 Jan 2025 Composites 4.0
Circularise digital passports contribute to PU foam recycling
Under the Circular Foam initiative creating systematic approaches for efficient rigid polyurethane (PU) foam recycling, Circularise’s DPPs are advancing secure information traceability for recycling and consumers.

26 Dec 2024 Trends
Nlcomp, Composite Recycling reveal results for rComposite recyclability
Testing results after recycling of nlcomp’s thermoplastic composite using Composite Recycling’s thermolysis-based process validates each technology’s potential for high-value composite output.

23 Dec 2024 Sustainability
Trends fueling the composites recycling movement
Various recycling methods are being considered for composites, from novel dismantling and processing, to building capacity and demonstrating secondary use applications.

22 Jan 2025 Biomaterials
CompPair joins NERTHUS initiative propelling mobility-focused green composites development
Knowledge Centers

Automated Composites
In the Automated Composites Knowledge Center, CGTech brings you vital information about all things automated composites.

CompositesWorld Collections
CW’s editors are tracking the latest trends and developments in tooling, from the basics to new developments. This collection, presented by Composites One, features four recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.

The Now and Next in Composites

Sustainability
The composites industry is increasingly recognizing the imperative of sustainability in its operations. As demand for lightweight and durable materials rises across various sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, there is a growing awareness of the environmental impact associated with traditional composite manufacturing processes.

Sensors for Composite Processing

Closed Molding Knowledge Center
Closed mold processes have many advantages over open molding. In this knowledge center, learn the basics and vital tools needed to produce parts accurately.
CW Tech Days

Composites in Infrastructure and Construction
CompositesWorld’s CW Tech Days: Infrastructure event offers a series of expert presentations on composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.

Composites in Advanced Air Mobility
Explore the cutting-edge composites industry, as experts delve into the materials, tooling, and manufacturing hurdles of meeting the demands of the promising advanced air mobility (AAM) market. Join us at CW Tech Days to unlock the future of efficient composites fabrication operations.

Thermoplastics for Large Structures
Thermoplastics for Large Structures, experts explored the materials and processing technologies that are enabling the transition to large-part manufacturing.

Sustainability in Composites Manufacturing
Explore the technologies, materials, and strategies that can help composites manufacturers become more sustainable.

Design, Simulation and Testing Technologies for Next-Gen Composite Structures
CompositesWorld’s Tech Days: Design, Simulation and Testing Technologies for Next-Gen Composite Structures is designed to provide a multi-perspective view of the state of the art in design, simulation, failure analysis, digital twins, virtual testing and virtual inspection.

New Space Applications
Explore the technologies, materials and strategies used by composites manufacturers working in the evolving space market.

Bonding and Welding
Explore the latest technologies and strategies involving bonding and welding, essential processes in the assembly and manufacturing of composite materials, providing reliable methods for joining components.

Merging Materials and Technologies for Infrastructure and Construction
During this CW Tech Days event, sponsored by Composites One, experts will offer presentations to review and evaluate the composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.

Composites in the Hydrogen Economy
In these sessions, experts will discuss the emerging hydrogen economy and the opportunities for composites in this lucrative space.
Collections See All

Composites in Hydrogen Storage
A report on the demand for hydrogen as an energy source and the role composites might play in the transport and storage of hydrogen.

Recycled Composites
This collection features detail the current state of the industry and recent success stories across aerospace, automotive and rail applications.

Thermoplastic Composites
This collection details the basics, challenges, and future of thermoplastic composites technology, with particular emphasis on their use for commercial aerospace primary structures.

Tooling
This collection features recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.