Tooling load-in is already underway ahead of the planned start of initial production beginning early 2025, while Stellantis and Archer work to finalize the exclusive contract agreement.
BRYSON project demonstrates possible designs, automated manufacturing and low permeability concepts, including EVOH liner and novel PPA matrix.
The companies’ first product from this partnership, aided by an additional $430 million raised by Archer, is planned to be a hybrid-propulsion VTOL that will target a potential program of record from the U.S. DOD.
A look at recently reported design, material and process innovations for composites-intensive battery enclosures, developed to support the ramp-up of EV and AAM vehicles.
Rotor blade design spans nearly 11 meters in length for flight, with a mid-hinge to fold and accommodate 4-meter vehicle length while driving.
Type 4 tanks will continue to be supplied for the mass mobility provider’s Xcelsior Charge FC fuel cell electric transit buses.
Bureau Veritas and partners use a novel equivalent interface test specimen and simulation to predict failure load in bonded composite patch repairs to steel structures.
Radalytica continues to develop its RadalyX nondestructive testing (NDT) system, merging diverse imaging methodologies for inspection in laboratories to aircraft hangars.
Researchers, led by Vipin Kumar, developed a low-cost, recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade tip that showed resilience to high-voltage lightning strikes, with more innovations in store.
Over the years, dielectric analysis (DEA) has evolved from a lab measurement technique to a technology that improves efficiency and quality in composites production on the shop floor.
CDCQ, LxSim, Addcomp and Argon 18 collaborate to optimize a carbon fiber/PA6 bike seat post, democratizing AFP and demonstrating materials and process for future designs and production.
Next-gen carbon fiber materials will be tested under extreme conditions for 12-18 months to determine their viability in space for use in future space bases, interplanetary travel.
Recovered benzoic acid from CFRP matrix breakdown can be “consumed” by genetically modified fungi, enabling high-value reclamation of both the fiber and the matrix.
At its U.S. sites, Ascorium produces glass fiber/PUR 3D parts via semi-automated molding, high-volume flat panels via a continuous line while working toward bio-based PUR and recycling.
MachineTek showcases its precision fabrication of honeycomb materials at CAMX 2024.
Fully cured thermoset resin solubilizes on demand and under benign conditions, allowing for up to 100 wt% recovery of fibers in composites, including carbon fiber. The circularity is driven by a bio-based alternative to BPA.
Libeco flax, Airbus rCF fabrics, Sicomin GreenPoxy bioresins and an agave core form a heavy, robust surfboard custom-designed for Clément Roseyro in this year’s Nazaré Big Waves Surf event.
Multimillion-dollar investment to drive next-gen automated RTM technology will open new applications and markets for composites OEMs.
3D printers, five-axis machining and software equipment additions to a dedicated CNC facility will support growth of Norco’s existing capabilities and build market diversity.
CW Tech Days are virtual events dedicated to the topics impacting the composites industry today. Access past event recordings and register for upcoming Tech Days.
Reliable news and information on where and how fiber-reinforced composites are being applied — that’s just the start of what you get from our team here at CompositesWorld.
Increasingly, prototype and production-ready smart devices featuring thermoplastic composite cases and other components provide lightweight, optimized sustainable alternatives to metal.
CW explores key composite developments that have shaped how we see and think about the industry today.
Knowing the fundamentals for reading drawings — including master ply tables, ply definition diagrams and more — lays a foundation for proper composite design evaluation.
Performing regular maintenance of the layup tool for successful sealing and release is required to reduce the risk of part adherence.
Understanding the complexities of curing prepregs is crucial in composite material research. This study offers an in-depth exploration of prepreg cure failure modes drawing upon the capabilities of an encapsulated specimen rheometer that meets ASTM D7750. Central to the investigation are five determinants (out time, temperature, ramp rate, pressure and layup orientation) and their effects on a select grade of prepreg. By examining these parameters, the study highlights the optimal conditions and presents insights into cure states and viscosity levels, aiming to further the reliability and performance of composite materials.
Composite materials are being successfully adopted for certification and low initial rate production (LRIP) in eVTOL aircraft variants today. As demand for eVTOL grows, vehicle build rates will increase and the challenge of high-rate composite production will become a reality. Syensqo is developing composite material solutions to meet the most demanding requirements for eVTOL's vehicles of today and tomorrow. This presentation will focus on the key drivers and Syensqo's approach to unlocking the full potential of composite materials for eVTOL blades. Agenda: A review of the advanced air mobility market status The future challenges facing composite materials adoption Key drivers for advanced air mobility rotor blades Syensqo's advanced materials solutions for blades
As the aircraft interiors industry increasingly moves towards circular and sustainable solutions, it's crucial for the supply chain to adopt these innovations to stay competitive. Advanced thermoplastic composites present significant advantages, including faster production, improved recyclability and reduced weight. Join Toray for this insightful webinar where they will dive into the latest developments in thermoplastic composites and their applications in aircraft interiors. Toray will explore how these materials enable the efficient manufacture of parts while improving overall sustainability and meeting the stringent FST standards of the aviation sector. Whether you're a design engineer, materials specialist or industry professional, this session will provide valuable insights into how thermoplastic composites can drive innovation and competitiveness in aircraft interiors.
How does a cutting-edge measurement technology evolve into a solution that drives real-time insights and transforms quality control and efficiency in composites manufacturing for aerospace applications? In this exclusive interview-style webinar, sensXPERT managing director Dr. Alexander Chaloupka will sit down with Jorge Blanco Fernandez, R&T engineer at Ensia (the Spanish entity of Testia, an Airbus Company), to uncover the story of how dielectric analysis (DEA), once a lab-based measurement tool, was transformed into a comprehensive solution for process control in the production of composite aerospace parts. Discover how Testia is constantly seeking new technologies to improve manufacturing processes and chooses dielectric measurement for its potential — only to encounter the challenges of complex data analysis. Learn how sensXPERT took this challenge head-on, turning dielectric technology into a scalable solution with automated data analysis, real-time process adjustments and in-mold material behavior insights that directly connect to quality standards. Agenda: Discovering dielectric measurement technology Complying with industry regulations The transformation to a full solution The sensXPERT process control solution Benefits and impact on aviation manufacturing
This webinar will dive into how advanced AI neural network technology can streamline your composite inspection process, offering unparalleled speed, accuracy, real-time inspection and monitoring. Learn how automating inspections can help manufacturers improve efficiency, reduce errors and ensure consistent high-quality production. See the technology in action and explore how integrating AI can overcome your inspection challenges and elevate your operations. Agenda: AI neural network overview Flexible AI camera integration with IRIS 3D platform Precision detection capabilities Real-time monitoring and alerts Process digitization and tracking Why automate? - benefits of automating the inspection process Next steps: how to get started
The composites industry plays a crucial role in developing lightweight and durable materials for a range of applications, including those critical to national defense. One key focus area is the development of advanced structural materials and manufacturing technologies that support next-generation space, missile and aircraft systems for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). ARC Technologies LLC (ARC), a division of Hexcel Corporation, based in Amesbury, Massachusetts, is a provider of advanced composites structures, specialty materials and other unique products that provide the U.S. Department of Defense with advanced capabilities to protect service members while in harm’s way. This team’s specialty is to understand a specific need from a program office, PEO, platform manufacturer or other offices within the DOD. With that understanding, the team can design a solution, develop a prototype for test and evaluation, perform extensive in-house testing — including electromagnetic, environmental and structural testing — and then partner with the customer through platform evaluation. The Hexcel Amesbury division has a team of engineers on staff, including mechanical, chemical, electrical and research and development specialists that can provide design, testing and manufacturing capabilities to service customer requirements from concept through production. This presentation will illustrate capabilities in advanced composites and other specialty materials structures, focusing on the Hexcel Amesbury team's niche in electromagnetic signature reduction and other unique capabilities.
ICERP India is an important event of the Indian composites industry organized by FRP Institute. The focus of the 2025 show will be up-gradation of composites technology in India to reach global level in terms of product quality, finishing and also to address the challenges that have to be met to achieve global standards.
Over 12,000 ASTM standards operate globally. Defined and set by ASTM, these standards improve the lives of millions every day. Twelve ASTM committess will meet in Houston, Texas, in January 2025.
The annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures (also known as the Cocoa Beach Conference) is the preeminent export controlled and ITAR restricted forum in the United States to review and discuss advances in materials for extreme environments. The Conference started in the 1970s as a small informal gathering for government and industry to share information on programs and state-of-the-art technology. Attendance has grown to nearly 500 people while preserving this same objective to share needs and trends in high-temperature and extreme environment materials, and the latest information on advanced materials and manufacturing processes. The five-day conference program includes two to three parallel sessions per day on topics including thermal protection materials, ceramic matrix composites, carbon-carbon materials, ballistic technologies, hypersonics, and gas turbine engines. Attendees are engineers, scientists, managers, and operational personnel from the turbine engine, aviation, missiles and space, and protective equipment communities. These communities include the Navy, Air Force, Army, MDA, NASA, DARPA, FAA, DOE, engine manufacturers, missile and aircraft manufacturers, commercial space companies, and material and component suppliers. Participation is limited to U.S. Citizens and U.S. Permanent Residents only with an active DD2345 certification.
Plan to be a part of the 2025 Transformative Vertical Flight (TVF) meeting! TVF2025 comprises three events: the 11th Biennial Autonomous VTOL Technical Meeting, the 12th Annual Electric VTOL Symposium and the Short Course on Electric VTOL. TVF 2025 is supported by the VFS Arizona Chapter and will take place Feb. 3–6, 2025, at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
The International Conference on Composites Materials (ICCM) is the premier international conference in the field of composite materials and was first held in 1975 in the cities of Geneva and Boston. Since that time the conference has been held biennially in North American, European, Asian, Oceanic and African cities. The event will attract the leading researchers and practitioners, to report and exchange ideas on the latest developments in the advancement and exploitation of a wide range of composites materials and structures.
The International Conference on Polymers and Composites (ICPC) aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of polymers and composites. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of polymers and composites.
Thousands of people visit our Supplier Guide every day to source equipment and materials. Get in front of them with a free company profile.
Jetcam’s latest white paper explores the critical aspects of nesting in composites manufacturing, and strategies to balance material efficiency and kitting speed.
Arris presents mechanical testing results of an Arris-designed natural fiber thermoplastic composite in comparison to similarly produced glass and carbon fiber-based materials.
Cevotec, a tank manufacturer, Roth Composite Machinery and Cikoni, have undertaken a comprehensive project to explore and demonstrate the impact of dome reinforcements using FPP technology for composite tanks.
Initial demonstration in furniture shows properties two to nine times higher than plywood, OOA molding for uniquely shaped components.
The composite tubes white paper explores some of the considerations for specifying composite tubes, such as mechanical properties, maintenance requirements and more.
Foundational research discusses the current carbon fiber recycling landscape in Utah, and evaluates potential strategies and policies that could enhance this sustainable practice in the region.
Hungarian manufacturer Rapid Prototyping transitioned its conventional foam milling process to 3D printing to produce faster, higher quality, recyclable foam plugs and composite boat molds.
Improving supplier deliveries and strong future business index point to opportunities ahead.
Cannon Ergos, a company specializing in high-ton presses and equipment for composites fabrication and plastics processing, displayed automotive and industrial components at CAMX 2024.
Young engineers in the advanced materials field are encouraged to demonstrate and justify sustainability improvements to composite products/components. All participants must register by Dec. 20, 2024.
This year placed growing emphasis on sustainable materials and processes in composites manufacturing. What trends will be top of mind for the composites community in 2025?
Dallara and Tenowo collaborate to produce a race-ready Formula 2 seat using recycled carbon fiber, reducing CO2 emissions by 97.5% compared to virgin materials.
Closed mold processes have many advantages over open molding. In this knowledge center, learn the basics and vital tools needed to produce parts accurately.
In the Automated Composites Knowledge Center, CGTech brings you vital information about all things automated composites.
The composites industry is increasingly recognizing the imperative of sustainability in its operations. As demand for lightweight and durable materials rises across various sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, there is a growing awareness of the environmental impact associated with traditional composite manufacturing processes.
CW’s editors are tracking the latest trends and developments in tooling, from the basics to new developments. This collection, presented by Composites One, features four recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.
CompositesWorld’s CW Tech Days: Infrastructure event offers a series of expert presentations on composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.
Explore the cutting-edge composites industry, as experts delve into the materials, tooling, and manufacturing hurdles of meeting the demands of the promising advanced air mobility (AAM) market. Join us at CW Tech Days to unlock the future of efficient composites fabrication operations.
Thermoplastics for Large Structures, experts explored the materials and processing technologies that are enabling the transition to large-part manufacturing.
Explore the technologies, materials, and strategies that can help composites manufacturers become more sustainable.
CompositesWorld’s Tech Days: Design, Simulation and Testing Technologies for Next-Gen Composite Structures is designed to provide a multi-perspective view of the state of the art in design, simulation, failure analysis, digital twins, virtual testing and virtual inspection.
Explore the technologies, materials and strategies used by composites manufacturers working in the evolving space market.
During this CW Tech Days event, sponsored by Composites One, experts will offer presentations to review and evaluate the composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.
In these sessions, experts will discuss the emerging hydrogen economy and the opportunities for composites in this lucrative space.
A report on the demand for hydrogen as an energy source and the role composites might play in the transport and storage of hydrogen.
This collection features detail the current state of the industry and recent success stories across aerospace, automotive and rail applications.
This collection details the basics, challenges, and future of thermoplastic composites technology, with particular emphasis on their use for commercial aerospace primary structures.
This collection features recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.
Wollaston, Wellingborough Northamptonshire, NN29 7RL GB 44 1933 663100 scottbader.com
Scott Bader opens £2 million laboratory in France
Sonichem launches bio-based materials project for automotive
Scott Bader partners with Bodotex for South Africa, Denmark distribution
Scott Bader Turkey is established
Scott Bader, Oxeco partner for high-performance bonding solution
EcoVadis awards Scott Bader Gold sustainability rating
Bio-Sep propels sustainable composites development via forestry-produced biochemicals
Scott Bader expands partnership with composites supplier Hans Claussen in Scandinavia
Scott Bader partners with Elixir for Crestabond distribution in India
Scott Bader ATC begins Crestabond MMA structural adhesive production
R&D facility will enable the chemicals company to develop more sustainable composite materials for its strategic markets and customers globally.
U.K. initiative, with the NCC, CPI, SHD Composites, Scott Bader and Polestar will work to convert biomass byproduct into lignin for automotive plastics, resins and composites.
Customers in these regions will have quick, easy and reliable access to Scott Bader’s composite, functional polymer and structural adhesive brands.
The new office in Istanbul and official company name, Scott Bader Tr Özel Kimyasallar Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. Şirketi, enables the growth of composite, adhesive and functional polymer markets in Turkey.
Joint technology breaks barriers to bonding lightweight flexible solar panels to roofing structures made from aluminum, coated steel and composites.
Adhesives, composites and functional polymers manufacturer was ranked in the top 4%, committing to full sustainability by 2036.
Joint industry project with iCAST, NCC and University of Bath to produce and test bio-based composites from cellulose and lignin sawdust, replace fossil-derived ingredients.
Partnership extension continues to grow Scott Bader’s presence in Norway, Scandinavia, enhances composite and adhesive offerings for customers.
Crestabond MMA structural adhesives range will continue to drive advanced composites growth in India, in addition to Scott Bader’s global expertise and local technical support.
Scott Bader’s Drummondville, Canada, facility has begun manufacturing and supplying composites-applicable adhesives to its North American customers.
Under the agreement, India-based Scott Bader Pvt. Ltd. will assume responsibilities for direct sales and marketing for all resin and gelcoat products, bring composites and adhesives to Indian market.
Superior protection from the elements plus fast, affordable installation and maintenance have quickly made Orenco Composites’ DuraFiber buildings an attractive choice for water and wastewater, communications, transportation and power industry outbuildings.
The Blue Composites Project, made up of U.K. companies, institutes and organizations, seeks to address key environmental challenges, and will lead to the creation a large-scale GRP FRP recycling and reuse facility.
Anticipation of +£20 million investment in India over the next five years in addition to supply of composite and adhesive technologies and technical support.
The 10:1 structural adhesive is suitable for primerless application on composites, thermoplastics and metals in a variety of market segments, including electric vehicle batteries.
The Drummondville site begins production this year, meeting growing North American demand.
Hayaari Marine employs a revised infusion setup using semi-permeable membranes to eliminate porosity and improve laminate consolidation, reducing about 450 kilograms of resin per boat, and offering 20% weight savings.
The U.K.-based chemicals company now totals seven manufacturing plants and 16 offices worldwide.
The 110,000-square-foot gelcoat and structural adhesives manufacturing facility is the company’s second North American manufacturing site, and will be fully operational by Q1 2023.
Scott Bader displays its Crestabond and Crestomer structural adhesives, Crestafix bonding pastes, Crestapol urethane acrylate resins and Crestamould tooling system.
Global manufacturer of adhesives, resins, gelcoats and functional polymers reaches company milestone, organizes a range of celebrations to recognize the company’s journey.
A newly installed mixer has increased production capacity by 30% to meet increased growth in customer demand.
SCI fosters connections between science and business to facilitate innovation, knowledge distribution, networking and company development.
Pultex will act as distributor of Crestabond and Crestomer high-quality structural adhesives for composite applications in Germany.
The five-year partnership will enable SSC to grow its business and manufacture composite covers and frames.
The bio-based polymers aim to replace conventional polymers in a variety of applications and promote alternative to end-of-life waste.
Registered as a subsidiary of Scott Bader, Polymer Mimetics aims to open new opportunities in coatings, composites specialty adhesives and more.
Newly formed Scott Bader Australia Pty Ltd. will continue distributing Scott Bader resins, gel coats and adhesives to the Australian market.
Companies across the composites industry supply chain share how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting their businesses, and how they are available to help.
From fabrics to resins, a number of new combinations of materials went into the making of the world’s first curved pultruded automotive part.
Corvette CFRP rear bumper beam is the auto industry’s first use of new technology.
Crestabond M7-04 is the company’s latest primer-less MMA structural adhesive.
Albany International Corp., DHSutherland, the National Composites Centre and Scott Bader Co. Ltd. announce new hires within the composites manufacturing industry.
Scott Bader has signed an exclusive agreement for European distribution of United Initiators BAYCAT organic peroxides for the composites market.
The company’s Crestapol resins were used for the automotive industry’s first curved, multi-hollow pultruded carbon fiber bumper beam.
CW’s monthly roundup of people news in the composites industry, including recent appointments at Gougeon Brothers, Scott Bader, Shape, KraussMaffei, Teijin Ltd. and the NASA Langley Research Center.
An initiative to recycle wind turbine blades includes the use of recycled glass fiber composites for cement manufacturing, replacing raw material and saving energy.
SAERTEX has announced a strategic partnership with Scott Bader for the production and distribution of the SAERTEX LEO system, fire protection line of materials combining multiaxial noncrimp fabrics and a specifically designed resin system.
Scott Bader is launching two products at JEC World 2019: the Crestafire intumescent FST system and Crestapol 1270, a new premium urethane acrylate resin for SMCs and BMCs.
Ashland, Polynt-Reichhold and Scott Bader discuss chemistries, applications and future developments for FR composites.
New composites meet stringent fire requirements while lightweighting ships, rail cars and battery boxes for electric cars and planes.
The new business will supply the growing composites market in Japan with composite and adhesive products coupled with technical support.
Channeling out the great quantities of water that flow into Spain’s Pajares railway tunnels in the Cantabria Mountain range required an award-winning composites innovation.
The companies plan to explore mutual interests in various markets, technologies and manufacturing areas to further strengthen their respective positions in the European and American gel coat markets.
The European Pultrusion Technology Association (EPTA, Frankfurt, Germany) has published an in-depth report on its highly successful 2018 conference, held in Vienna on March 1-2, 2018. The 12-page document, World Pultrusion Conference 2018: Attractive Long-Term Prospects for Pultruded Composites, is available to download from the EPTA website.
Scott Bader will introduce their Crestafire range of fire, smoke and toxic fume performance products at JEC WORLD in Paris.
There’s never enough time to see everything at the JEC World event, and this year the problem was even worse. Here’s more information on new products and companies, from Paris…
JEC World will be held March 14-16 in Paris. CW previews some of the products and technologies that will be at the show.
The big annual airshow featured the on-site infusion of complete aircraft fuselages for two kit aircraft.
Many sections of both the interior and exterior of the buildings and rides were made from fire retardant gelcoated FRP composite molded parts.
When the University of Valencia's business school expanded its facilities, it turned to fire-rated composite structures to fabricate the 7000-sq-m of façade used to help modernize the structures.
Today’s myriad chemistry options enable formulators to tailor adhesives to customers' exact application requirements.
CompositesWorld's editors report on the technologies and products that caught our eye at JEC World 2016, in early March.
JEC World 2016 will be held in Paris March 8-10. These are some of the products that will be found at the show.
Although CW didn't attend the EAA AirVenture in Oshkosh in 2015, we did learn about an infusion demo that was the largest ever accomplished at the fly-in event.
The use of carbon fiber with Scott Bader’s Crestapol 1250LV infusion resin inside and out of the ARION1 land speed bicycle was extensive to achieve the strength to weight ratio needed for this type of speed challenge vehicle.
Hell’s Bay Boatworks’ (Titusville, FL, US) latest design for a sportfishing customer does an unprecedented job of shaving weight and boosting toughness of flatboats for shallow-water operation.
Glass-reinforced plastic artfully captures classic curves, crash-protects passengers and stunningly packages its maker’s high-performance but highly fuel-efficient diesel powertrain.
UK utility trials ultralight access covers to reduce worker injuries and resulting compensation claims
When the Cape Town, South Africa, Transnet National Ports Authority began a 12-month effort to expand its facility and upgrade its existing quays (wharfs), engineers realized that the Authority had a safety problem at its main container quay. Composites provided the solution.
This composite freefall lifeboat successfully endures the required 65.1m/213.6-ft DNV drop test, setting a new world record for the highest lifeboat freefall.
The JEC Europe 2013 trade show (March 12-14, at the Paris Expo, Porte de Versailles, Paris, France) was the venue for introductions of a large number of new composite materials, technologies and manufacturing processes. Here's the CT editorial staff's compilation of what was on display.
The 50-kW Nova project features a composites-intensive offshore, double-arm, vertical axes wind turbine system (VAWTS) that will investigate the affordability and feasibility of manufacturing this innovative energy system.
Boatbuilder Anselmo Mauri has manufactured Revolver 42, a polyhedric monohull speedboat, constructed using high-permforance composites, including foam core sandwich design and adhesive provided by Scott Bader.
Vacuum infusion, SAN sandwich foam cores and structural adhesives help reduce the weight of Mattia's high-performance catamaran yacht by 2,000 kg.
The exterior of the Vista Riviera hotel in Benidorm, Spain, has been transformed with a modern twist, thanks to the fiberglass expertise of Miraplas SL (Monforte del Cid, Spain).
The hull mirror-like gel coat finish on the Daedulus 30 cabin cruiser was achieved through a combination of Marine Concepts’ (Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire, U.K.) mold design experience and fabrication techniques and materials provided by Scott Bader (Wollaston, Northamptonshire, U.K.).
Applied to a cured laminate surface, a new intumescent topcoat provides Wright Composites (Galgorm, Ballymena, Northern Ireland) a passive fire barrier that permits the use of a laminating resin with less fire-resistant filler, making possible a tougher part.
A stylish composite body makes the world's first all-electric sports car not only lean and green but efficient and fast as well.
Despite the doleful state of the global economy, the turnout in Paris — exhibitors and visitors — proved surprisingly strong.
Once the stuff of James Bond movies, this U.K.-designed amphibious automobile soon will be manufactured in North America.
This year’s Parisian exhibition provides key evidence of the composites industry’s unprecedented breadth and technical sophistication.
A wealth of epoxies, polyurethanes and acrylics speed assembly and cut manufacturing cost in an ever-wider range of composites applications.
Tried, true -- and some new -- FST-resistant products for manufacturers of composites in rail- and road-based people movers.
More than "middlemen," they play a key role in successful projects for many fabricators.
